Salvatore La Puma Essay -- Literature, Cakes

Confucius once said, The strength of a nation derives from the integrity of the home. Many people across the world deem family as the most important locution of their life. Family is something that often teaches us moral values and helps shape the individuals we become later in our lives. The values taught by family are not only essential, but provide help develop the moral character of an individual. In the brusque story, Cakes, Salvatore La Puma conveys the prominence of family values in Italian-American immigrant culture in the 1940s industrial era. La Puma utilizes the first paragraph as mini-ethnography to portray the unity of the Vitale family. The introduction states, That summer he sweated from the humidity which in 1940 everyone in Brooklyn sweated from then he sweated from the hot ovens at Carlo Amatos pastry shop in Bensonhurst four or five nights a week then he sweated from the hot ovens at a pastry shop Downtown every day of the week except on Sunday, when he usually slept until noon. From Downtown, Giovanni Vitale came home at the end of the working day on the BMT subway to his wife, Lisa, to their three kids Anna, Steve, and Johnny. After dinner they would all listen to the Philco. Then Giovanni and the eldest kid, Johnny, eleven, walked three long blocks and two short blocks, past the hoar people who fanned themselves on the stoops, to Carlos shop on Seventeenth Avenue (4). The first paragraph evokes the normal and typical structure of the Italian-American immigrant family in this era. In the Vitale family, everyone has their own role. The father, Giovanni Vitale, has the duty of working long hours to provide for his family. The mother, Lisa, has the role of a homemaker, making dinner for the family, and takin... ...llels the image where mother Mary is holding baby Jesus. Although Martina is not related to Johnny, her caring and nurturing behavior illustrates her thoughtful, kind, and hospitable personality. The use of Martina as a mother -like figure, allows La Puma to convey the essence of family values in Italian American culture.Although many families today are dysfunctional and fragmented, Cakes serves to show the importance of unity within a family. No matter what we do or where we go, family is something that will buy in us and define who we are. Family serves as a building block or blueprint for success. The values that a family instills allow the strength of an individual to prevail. In this short story, La Puma is able to highlight the role of family as an educator, and protector, and depict the importance of family values in Italian-American immigrant culture.

The Oil Spill is Affecting Animals, but What About the Government? Essa

Since the dawn of the industrial revolution, mankind has increasingly become reliant on fossil fuels such as anoint for energy. Oil fuels our car, warms our homes, generates our electricity, and creates a myriad of goods including everything that contains plastic. In our global economy, inunct must be transported great distances to off markets throughout the world. With seemingly increasing frequency, these journeys sometimes end in accidents that result in oil being spilled into the ocean. The most devastating oil spill, The Deepwater Horizon oil spill, occurred on April twentieth of this year.Deepwater Horizon is an oilrig located in the Gulf of Mexico and it is owned by B.P. Everything seemed to be running efficiently on the rig until April twentieth, when methane sport leaked through the rig. The gas was under high pressure and as a result exploded turning the rig into a raging inferno that ultimately caused the rig to plummet to the bottom of the ocean floor (Dickinson). Th e explosion caused a massive amount of oil to gush the Gulf of Mexico. Although there is no make statistic on the amount of oil that rushed out of the well where Deepwater Horizon stood each day before, the median figure for Crones independent calculations of the oil gush is 55,000 barrels a day (Dickinson). Approximately three months after the explosion, the well was finally capped, which stopped the flow of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. To put this spill into perspective, if the calculations by Crone on the spill were correct, this means that eighteen times the total amount of oil spilled in the Exxon Valdez incident was spilled total in the Deepwater Horizon catastrophe. This is an astronomic amount of oil moving through the Gulf of Mexico. Even... ... an even larger scale than the Deepwater Horizon rig. If past mistakes are not learned from, they are handout to be repeated in the future. The federal government needs to reenact the ban on deepwater drilling until engineers ar e able to assess all components of deepwater drilling rigs. This is the only certain way to prevent another disaster like that of the Deepwater Horizon crisis. Even though this ban may cause gas prices to rise, it is a necessary sacrifice in order to keep the environment safe. Work CitedBaker, Peter. White House Is Lifting Ban on Deepwater Drilling. New York Times. N.p., 12 Oct. 2010. Web. 10 Nov. 2010.Dickinson, Tim. The Spill, The poop and the President. The Rolling Stones. N.p., 24 June 2010. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. Kaufman, Leslie. Concerns Up and Down the Food Chain. New York Times.N.p., 12 Oct. 2010. Web. 14 Nov. 2010.

Elevator History :: essays research papers

An elevator is a mechanism for moving people and freight from take aim to take aim in abuilding or any former(a) organize. The premiere elevator-like structure was built in 236 BC by theArchimeds. This construction was a twine operated by ropes and pulleys. However, the low gear pragmatic elevator was not genuine until the 19th century. Though sensible, thiselevator has been modified many times throughout the course of tale and is stillupdated with all told of the in the altogether advancements in math and technology. From the choke of theproduction of elevators through straightaway, there have been numerous and boundlessimprovements made on their structure and how they operate all due to the advancementof mathematics and technology. The first elevator developed was known as a manual(a) elevator. This governing body ofelevators used communicate logic. Relay logic was a simple wire based on circuits. This typeof elevator did not transfer people from one level to another , only cargo. *****The second type of elevators was developed in the 1800s. These elevators werepower by steam clean. At first, these elevators were used solely to transport freight infactories and ore in mines. Unfortunately, these elevators take a safety device torestrain the elevator from move if its supporting cable broke, and this had not beeninvented nevertheless. Eventually, this necessity was discerned and acted upon. In 1852, ElishaGraves Otis designed the first safety contrivance for elevators. This device was a systeminvolving spring-operated cams that affianced the guide rails in the elevator shaft when thecable broke. This secured the elevator from subsiding which enabled steam poweredelevators to be used for transporting people along with cargo. This new use was causedby the precautions taken in improving the safety of steam powered elevators. It was firstused for people in 1857 in New Yorks own Haughwout department store. This edificewas driven by steam power unli ke the manual elevator it had the capability of transportingpeople from floor to floor. Though this was a major amplification in the manufacturing ofelevators, technology and mathematics were still improving allowing for even more typesof ameliorated elevators to take the place of those already produced. As mathematics advanced, the third type of elevators was formulated. This beingthe hydraulic elevator was the first practical elevator with semblance to those of todaystime. The concept of hydraulics is somewhat based on Pascals Law. This stated thatpressure exerted upon a liquid is transmitted in all directions at the same magnitude. Thiswas theorized sometime in the mid-17th century yet its capability of advancing andElevator History essays research papers An elevator is a mechanism for moving people and freight from level to level in abuilding or any other structure. The first elevator-like structure was built in 236 BC by theArchimeds. This construction was a hoist operated by ropes and pulleys. However, thefirst pragmatic elevator was not developed until the 19th century. Though sensible, thiselevator has been modified many times throughout the course of history and is stillupdated with all of the new advancements in math and technology. From the start of theproduction of elevators through today, there have been numerous and boundlessimprovements made on their structure and how they operate all due to the advancementof mathematics and technology. The first elevator developed was known as a manual elevator. This system ofelevators used relay logic. Relay logic was a simple wiring based on circuits. This typeof elevator did not transfer people from one level to another, only cargo. *****The second type of elevators was developed in the 1800s. These elevators werepowered by steam. At first, these elevators were used solely to transport freight infactories and ore in mines. Unfortunately, these elevators required a safety device torestrain the elevator fr om dropping if its supporting cable broke, and this had not beeninvented yet. Eventually, this necessity was discerned and acted upon. In 1852, ElishaGraves Otis designed the first safety contrivance for elevators. This device was a systeminvolving spring-operated cams that affianced the guide rails in the elevator shaft when thecable broke. This secured the elevator from subsiding which enabled steam poweredelevators to be used for transporting people along with cargo. This new use was causedby the precautions taken in improving the safety of steam powered elevators. It was firstused for people in 1857 in New Yorks own Haughwout department store. This edificewas driven by steam power unlike the manual elevator it had the capability of transportingpeople from floor to floor. Though this was a major amplification in the manufacturing ofelevators, technology and mathematics were still improving allowing for even more typesof ameliorated elevators to take the place of those already pro duced. As mathematics advanced, the third type of elevators was formulated. This beingthe hydraulic elevator was the first practical elevator with semblance to those of todaystime. The concept of hydraulics is somewhat based on Pascals Law. This stated thatpressure exerted upon a liquid is transmitted in all directions at the same magnitude. Thiswas theorized sometime in the mid-17th century yet its capability of advancing and

Candide Essay -- essays research papers

Candide is the illegitimate nephew of a German baron. He grows up in the barons castle under the tutelage of the scholar Pangloss, who teaches him that this manhood is the best of all possible worlds. Candide falls in love with the barons young daughter, Cungonde. The baron catches the two kissing and expels Candide from his home. On his own for the first off time, Candide is soon conscripted into the army of the Bulgars. He wanders away from camp for a brief walk, and is brutally flogged as a deserter. After witnessing a horrific battle, he manages to exit and travels to Holland.In Holland, a kindly Anabaptist named Jacques takes Candide in. Candide runs into a deformed beggar and discovers that it is Pangloss. Pangloss explains that he has contracted syphilis and that Cungonde and her family have all been brutally murdered by the Bulgar army. Nonetheless, he maintains his optimistic outlook. Jacques takes Pangloss in as well. The three travel to capital of Portugal together, bu t before they arrive their ship runs into a storm and Jacques is drowned. Candide and Pangloss arrive in Lisbon to find it destroyed by an earthquake and under the control of the Inquisition. Pangloss is soon hanged as a heretic, and Candide is flogged for listening with approval to Panglosss philosophy. After his beating, an archaic charwoman dresses Candides wounds and then, to his astonishment, takes him to Cungonde. Cungonde explains that though the Bulgars kil take the rest of her family, she was merely raped and then captured by a captain, who sold her to a Jew named Don Isaachar. At present, she is a sex knuckle down jointly owned by Don Isaachar and the Grand Inquisitor of Lisbon. Each of Cungondes two owners arrive in turn as she and Candide are talking, and Candide kills them both. Terrified, Candide, the old woman, and Cungonde flee and board a ship bound for South America. During their journey, the old woman relates her own story. She was born the Popes daughter but h as suffered a litany of misfortunes that include rape, enslavement, and cannibalism.Candide and Cungonde plan to marry, but as soon as they arrive in Buenos Aires, the governor, Don Fernando, proposes to Cungonde. Thinking of her own financial welfare, she accepts. Authorities looking for the manslayer of the Grand Inquisitor arrive from Portugal in pursuit of Candide. Along with a newly acquired valet named Cacambo, Candid... ...to the latter category, because they will admit no exceptions. Like Pangloss, Martin abides by ideas that discourage any active efforts to change the world for the better. If, as Martin asserts, man is bound to live either in convulsions of misery or in the lethargy of boredom, wherefore should anyone try to rescue anyone else from convulsions of misery?CacamboCacambo sheds a subtle and interesting light on the philosophical themes of the novel. Unlike any other character in the novel, he inspires perfect confidence, both in his intelligence and his mora l uprightness. He knows both native American and European languages, and deals capably with both the Jesuits and the Biglugs. He suffers fewer down-to-earth misfortunes than any other character, less out of luck than because of his sharp wits, and he lives up to Candides trust when Candide sends him to fetch Cungonde. Any reader tempted to conclude that Voltaire has no faith in human nature must reconsider when faced with the example of Cacambo. Despite the optimism Cacambo inspires, however, he is no optimist himself. His wide experience of the world has led Cacambo to conclude that the law of nature teaches us to kill our neighbor.

The Links Between Child Abuse and Psychological, Emotional, Behavioral,

Abuse of children has become a major social problem and a main cause of many peoples low and personal problems. Neglect, physical malignment, and sexual abuse have an immediate and long-term effects on a childs development. The long-term effects of abuse and neglect of a child can be seen in psychiatric disorders, increased rates of substance abuse, and relationship difficulties. Child abuse and neglect is a huge problem. Parents who abuse are people who have been abused and neglected themselves as children(Long Term Consequences).There are links between neglect and abuse and later psychological, emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal disorders. The basis for this linkage is the impact that abuse and neglect have on brain development. Researchers have found important links between interpersonal experiences and neurobiological development. Children who have been sexually abused are at significant encounter of developing anxiety disorders (2.0 quantify the average), major depress ive disorders (3.4 times average), alcohol abuse (2.5 times average), drug abuse (3.8 times average), and anti-social behavior (4.3 times average)(Crouch).Generally the left hemisphere of the brain is the site of language, motor activity on the right place of the body, and logical thought based on language. The right hemisphere of the brain is responsible for motor activity on the left side of the body, context perceptions, and holistic perception. The orbito-frontal cortex (the part of the brain directly behind the eyes) is responsible for integrating emotional responses generated in the limbic system with higher cognitive functions, such as planning and language, in the cerebral cortexs prefrontal lobes(Culp). The left orbito-frontal cortex is responsible for memory creation while the right orbito-frontal cortex is responsible for memory retrieval. florid functioning requires an integrated right and left hemisphere. A substantial number of synaptic connections among brain cells develop during the first year of life. An integrated brain requires connections between the hemispheres by the corpus callosum. Abused and neglected children have smaller corpus callosum than non-abused children. Abused and neglected children have poorly integrated cerebral hemispheres. This poor integration of hemispheres and underdevelopment of the orbitofrontal cortex is the basis for such symptoms as... ...ren. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 20(1), 49-65. Culp, R. E., Watkins, R. V., Lawrence, H., Letts, D., Kelly, D. J., & Rice, M. L. (1991). Maltreated childrens language and speech development Abused, neglected, and abused and neglected. First Language, 11(33), 377-389.Dong, M. (2004). The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect, and sign dysfunction. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(7), 771-784. Greenfield, E. A. (2010). Child abuse as a life-course social determinant of adult health. Maturitas, 66(1), 51-55.Larkin, H. (2009). Adverse childhood experiences l inked to health risk behaviors. polity and Practice of Public Human Services, 67(3), 14-16.Sylvestre, A., & Mrette, C. (2010). Language delay in severely neglected children A cumulative or specific effect of risk factors? Child Abuse & Neglect, 34(6), 414-428.Trickett, P. K., & McBride-Chang, C. (1995). The developmental impact of different forms of child abuse and neglect. Developmental Review 15, 311-337.Twardosz, S., & Lutzker, J. R. (2010). Child maltreatment and the developing brain A recap of neuroscience perspectives. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(1), 59-68.

The Links Between Child Abuse and Psychological, Emotional, Behavioral,

Abuse of children has become a major social problem and a main cause of many peoples suffering and personal problems. Neglect, physical abuse, and inner abuse select an immediate and long-term effects on a childs development. The long-term effects of abuse and neglect of a child can be seen in psychiatric disorders, increased rates of substance abuse, and relationship difficulties. sister abuse and neglect is a huge problem. Parents who abuse are people who have been mistreat and neglected themselves as children(Long Term Consequences).There are links between neglect and abuse and later psychological, emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal disorders. The basis for this linkage is the jar that abuse and neglect have on maven development. Researchers have found important links between interpersonal experiences and neurobiological development. Children who have been sexually abused are at significant risk of developing anxiety disorders (2.0 multiplication the average), major de pressive disorders (3.4 times average), alcohol abuse (2.5 times average), drug abuse (3.8 times average), and anti-social behavior (4.3 times average)(Crouch).Generally the left hemisphere of the brain is the site of language, motor activity on the honorable side of the body, and logical thought establish on language. The right hemisphere of the brain is responsible for motor activity on the left side of the body, context perceptions, and holistic perception. The orbito-frontal cortex (the part of the brain directly behind the eyes) is responsible for integrating emotional responses generated in the limbic system with higher cognitive functions, such as planning and language, in the intellectual cortexs prefrontal lobes(Culp). The left orbito-frontal cortex is responsible for memory creation while the right orbito-frontal cortex is responsible for memory retrieval. Healthy functioning requires an integrated right and left hemisphere. A substantial number of synaptic connections a mong brain cells develop during the first year of life. An integrated brain requires connections between the hemispheres by the corpus callosum. maltreated and neglected children have smaller corpus callosum than non-abused children. Abused and neglected children have poorly integrated cerebral hemispheres. This poor integration of hemispheres and underdevelopment of the orbitofrontal cortex is the basis for such symptoms as... ...ren. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 20(1), 49-65. Culp, R. E., Watkins, R. V., Lawrence, H., Letts, D., Kelly, D. J., & Rice, M. L. (1991). Maltreated childrens language and speech development Abused, neglected, and abused and neglected. First Language, 11(33), 377-389.Dong, M. (2004). The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(7), 771-784. Greenfield, E. A. (2010). Child abuse as a life-course social determinant of adult health. Maturitas, 66(1), 51-55.Larkin, H. (2009). Adver se childhood experiences linked to health risk behaviors. Policy and Practice of Public humans Services, 67(3), 14-16.Sylvestre, A., & Mrette, C. (2010). Language delay in severely neglected children A cumulative or specific effect of risk factors? Child Abuse & Neglect, 34(6), 414-428.Trickett, P. K., & McBride-Chang, C. (1995). The developmental impact of different forms of child abuse and neglect. Developmental Review 15, 311-337.Twardosz, S., & Lutzker, J. R. (2010). Child maltreatment and the developing brain A review of neuroscience perspectives. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(1), 59-68.

Foreign Language Requirement

In the persuasive argument in all Students Should be Required to Study a Foreign Langu eld, posted on 123helpme. com the writer makes the argument that only the Statesns should have some type of formal bringing up in a foreign spoken communication. The writer gives a few good reasons supporting his claim. The benefits given argon bettor race relations for the country as well as an improved foreign interest. The writer is basing his claim on the solid assumption that verbiage is the most fundamental aspect of a culture and when doing business abroad quarrel barriers understructure be a consignment.The argument compensate goes on to introduce that incorporating foreign spoken language into the Ameri ordure society exit create a more well-rounded society. Foreign language skills can have a verifying impact on race relations in America. stated in the second paragraph of the argument. It is a known fact that the number of minorities in America be continually increasing. Am erican students that study a foreign language of the predominate minority group in their region of the county have a better insight to the minoritys culture.Understanding a minoritys language can help natives understand their neighbors culturally and on a personal level. If we deem these bits of insight and understanding and couple them with compassion, fertile ground for multicultural harmony in America will be sown. says the writer. Foreign language skill can definitely improve domestic affairs. America is a p cunning of the global economy which involves American and foreign interaction. Having language barriers can be a burden when it comes to foreign interest.Most foreign businessmen converse English for the benefit of making money in American businesses. It is assumed that if American businessmen had foreign language skills they should be more successful at the bargaining table. Foreign language skill can also improve foreign relations. If American ambassadors, envoys, diplo mats and representatives were able to speak the language of their counterparts, conflicts could be resolved more easily. the writer states. Foreign language can surely prove useful for foreign interest.All American students should be necessary to study a foreign language. This argument is valid and convincing due to its sufficient facts on the matter. The author gives 2 very reasonable claims towards the argument. Each point in time happens to be logical. The author all the sames points out counter arguments, which seem a bit closed minded and a bit unreasonable. Therefore the argument has certainly been made. . All Students Should be Required to Sudy a Foreign Language. 123HelpMe. com. 11 Oct. 2012 http//www. 123HelpMe. com/view. asp? id=20601.Foreign Language RequirementForeign Language in high spirits School Requirement A survey done by the Center for Applied Linguistics in 2008 found that The findings indicate a serious disconnect between the national offer to educate wor ld citizens with proud-level language skills and the current state of foreign language instruction in schools across the country(CalResearch). This is concerning as all of the emulation for the U. S. is gaining a step and were doing nothing . If the U. S. tarrys to continue to be competitive in the global market we need to have bilingual citizens.In order to ensure this, we moldinessiness train a foreign language be learned in juicy school. To fully master a language by the end of high school, a students education of it needs to begin in Kindergarten. Studies have shown that the best time frame to learn a foreign language is from Kindergarten to 3rd Grade. It would be better, though, to lift off in Kindergarten so there is a consistent education throughout elementary school. The mental capacity learns better at a young age so the language will be learned faster and more easily in lower grades. Not only this, but extended moving picture is need to become fluent in a language (Porter).By the time the students reached high school they could speak the language outside of class to become even more fluent. By the end of high school these students would be bilingual. If the U. S. requires a foreign language be learned in high school, its education should start in Kindergarten. Bilingual students receive additional benefits outside of simply knowing another language. Bilinguals, superior to their monolingual peers, are better at critical thinking, principle recognition, divergent thinking, and creativity (Foreign Language A Must ).These advanced cognitive abilities are shown on discharges as after 3-4 years of taking a language students show improved standardized test scores (Porter). This means that students will have better math and English test scores without even taking the classes. Also, bilingual students are more sensitive to other cultures. They can compare and contrast languages and know how what certain words mean in contrastive contexts (Make Fo reign Language a High School Requirement). This is something that is sorely needed in the U. S. because the majority of our citizens are unknowledgeable of different cultures.It would do as a wake-up call. New bilingual citizens would bring new perspectives to problems that face our society today. Another benefit to learning a foreign language the brain ages slower and neurologists say learning a foreign language delays the onset of Dementia (Porter). In learning a foreign language, one enjoys many validating benefits. Just knowing English isnt enough for exchanges in diplomatic, military, professional, or commercial contexts with other countries. When in a different country, monolinguals are at a detriment compared to bilinguals because they have to hire an interpreter.Monolinguals have trouble picking up both verbal and non-verbal clues of a different language (Porter). They could violate social taboo and cant get married side conversations. This is a huge risk as one could be thrown out of a country and by violating the unwritten rules. This could set an unwanted reputation for Americans. Having been bilingual, students have cultural knowledge and understanding. This helps with the daily interactions required in living in another country (Make Foreign Language A High School Requirement). Clearly having more bilingual citizens would help America in communication and interactions with other countries.Having many bilingual citizens also helps in diplomatic and economic interactions with a foreign nation as it establishes a good relationship by knowing their culture. Thomas L. Friedman cited a businessman, Todd Martin, who said that our education failure is the largest contributing factor to the decline of the American workers global effectiveness (Porter). By requiring a foreign language be learned in high school, the U. S. will increase its workers ability to compete in the global market and their ability to interact with foreign workers.With society bec oming more and more global, it will become a necessity to know a foreign language. Export businesss are growing in double digits every year and foreign businesss are expanding at a rapid rate (Porter). Obviously there is a growing need for bilinguals(Porter). At this point, there are more internet users in Asia than in North America (Foreign Language a Must for High School Graduation). The global economy is diversifying and if the U. S. expects to dominate the market we must follow the trend of our competition. In countries like Japan knowing two languages is the standard(Make Foreign Language a High School Requirement).How can we expect to compete with Japan if their workers have a big advantage over U. S. workers in knowing multiple languages. In terms of foreign language, the U. S. is dawdle behind its competition and to keep up we need to follow the trend of requiring a foreign language. The opposition to requiring a foreign language in High School argue that it violates the ri ght of students to choose some classes. They say it restricts the number of electives a student can take but a foreign language is far more important than some elective.A foreign language class is something that will benefit the student for the rest of their life. Students already have required classes for math, science, English, history, and a fine art, but a language is a fine art. In a foreign language class a student learns about the art of a different culture. For example, on Day of the Dead in Spanish class I learned about Hispanic culture. In creating art sympathetic to what is used in Spain and Mexico on Day of the Dead, I expressed my creativity which is the purpose of an art class. Clearly, foreign language is a fine art, and therefore should be required.The opponents to requiring a foreign language in High School say that everyone else is learning English so why should we learn foreign languages. This is ignorant because we cant expect everyone to learn English. By not k nowing a different countries language, we have no insight into their culture and could never fully understand them. It makes sense to require a foreign language to understand foreign countries and to compete with them. Learning a foreign language needs to be a requirement in High School. The education of foreign language should begin in kindergarten because that is when a child learns best.By learning another language that child benefits through better test scores and improved cognitive abilities. Americans going to other countries would benefit through better understanding that countries culture and not needing an interpreter everywhere they go. The U. S. needs bilingual citizens to interact with other nations (Porter). If we want to be more marketable and compete on a global-scale we must become bilingual. By requiring a foreign language be learned in High School, we are creating a brighter and more prosperous future for the United States of America.

Latest Development in Ict

1. 0. INTRODUCTION Meaning of Open Source Softw are (OSS) Open source parcel (OSS) is defined as estimator package for which the source code and certain other rights norm all(prenominal)y reserved for copyright holders are provided under a software license that construes the Open Source definition or that is in the public domain. This permits users to use, change, and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified forms. Meaning of Hardware A computing machines hardware consists of the physical components required to operate and interact with acomputer.Since a computers primary language is binary, devices are necessary to convert our input into that language. The binary code coming out of the computer must also be translated into something usable for the operator. Meaning of software program Software is often divided into two categories 1. System software Includes the operating system and all the utilities that enables the computer to function. 2. Appli cation software Includes programs that do real work for users. For example, word processors, spreadsheets, and database management systems fall under the category of applications software. 4. The Latest Development in ICT 4. 1 Hardware a) Canon Pixma MP280 b) Canon Pixma MX360 pic pic -The Canon Pixma MP280 is an entry level all-in-one fall guyer, -The Canon Pixma MX360 was first introduced by Canon in January scanner, and copier with enhanced photo depression capabilities.Itduring CES 2011. It isan entry level model designedfor small was the budget-friendly model out of its line of eight photo office/home office use, alongside the Pixma MX410. We ease up printers released by Canon in 2010. Taking on the new Pixma photoalready reviewed the leading flagship inkjet out of the bunch, printer look, it features a simple glossy corrosive design with thePixma MX882, and the inkjet that is one step down from it, silver accents just like the previously reviewed sister thePixm a MX420. Now we impart take a look at the MX360.This product,the Canon Pixma MP495. Canon has included Full HD Movie four-in-one can print, scan, copy, and fax and connects to a Print and photo editing software, as well as the flourishing Photo Printcomputer via HighSpeed USB 2. 0 (note that the MX410 has wireless app for Android smartphones in the package. Moreover, this photo connectivity). It has an automatic document feeder that can fit all-in-one offers high twist resolution color photo capabilities up to 30 sheets and a 100-sheet rear feed tray. We tested the with a maximum of4800 x 1200 dpi and is Energy Star certified. MX360 and install that it can print up to 8 black and white pages It is currently selling for only $70 from Canons sacksite so per minute under the default settings. The MX360 has a list price keep reading to descry out if this is the right printer for you. of $79. 99 check out our full review below to find out if this is Our reviews include an ove rview of specifications, testing the suitable inkjet for your office at that price. results, a summary of the build and design, and more. 4. 2 Software a) Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 2. 0 b) Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 3. 0 pic pic -Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 2. 0 Beta was advertised in official -Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 3. 0 beta was released on October 22, emails from Adobe in April 2008. New features include 2009.New features include Localized department of chastenings (edit specific parts New chroma noise reduction of an image) Improved sharpening tool Improved organization tools New import pseudo module aggregate monitor support Watermarking Flexible printing options Grain 64-bit support Publish services The official release of Lightroom v2 was on July 29, 2008, along Custom package for print with the release of Adobe Camera Raw v4. 5 and DNG Converter 4. 5. On March 23, 2010, Adobe released a second beta, which added the Adobe has added DNG Came ra Profiling to some(prenominal) releases. This following features technology allows custom camera colour pro commoves, or looks, to be New luminance noise reduction created by the user and saved. It also allows profiles interconnected Tethered shooting for selected Nikon and the creative styles built in to cameras to be replicated.Adobe Canon cameras released a complete set of such Camera Profiles for Nikon and Basic video file support Canon models, in addition to basic Standard Profiles for all Point curve supported makes and models, through Adobe Labs, at the same date Although not included in any beta release, version 3 also as the Lightroom v2 release. This technology is open to all contains built-in lens correction and perspective control. programs compliant with the DNG file format standard. 5. 0 Pervasive Computing 5. 1 Meaning of Pervasive ComputingPervasive computing (also called ubiquitous computing) is the growing trend towards embeddingmicroprocessors in everyday objects so they can communicate randomness. The words pervasive and ubiquitous mean existing everywhere. Pervasive computing devices are completely connected and invariably available. Pervasive computing relies on the convergence of wirelesstechnologies, advanced electronics and the net income. The goal of researchers working in pervasive computing is to createsmartproducts that communicate unobtrusively. The products are connected to the Internet and the data they generate is easily available. 5. 2 Examples of Pervasive Computing Smart TV pic*Samsung Smart TVSmart TV, which is also sometimes referred to as machine-accessible TV or Hybrid TV, (not to be confused withInternet TV,Web TV, orLG Electronicss upcoming SMART TV brandedNetCast Entertainment assentingdevices), is the phrase used to describe the currenttrendof integration of theinternetandWeb 2. 0features into modtelevision setsandset-top boxes, as well as the scientific convergencebetweencomputersand these television sets /set-top boxes. These newdevices close to often also develop a much higher focus ononlineinteractive media,Internet TV,over-the-top content, as well ason-demandstreaming media, and less focus on traditionalbroadcastmedia like previous generations oftelevision setsandset-top boxesalways have had.The technology that enables Smart TVs is not only incorporated into television sets, but also devices such as set-top boxes,Blu-rayplayers,game consoles, and other companion devices. These devices allow viewers to search and find videos, movies, photos and other content on the web, on a local cable TV channel, on a satellite TV channel, or stored on a localhard drive. GPS pic*Garmin GPS TheGlobal Positioning System(GPS) is a space-basedglobal navigation satellite system(GNSS) that provideslocationand time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by theUnited States government and is thawly accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver.The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems,integrating ideas from several predecessors, including a number of classified engineering design studies from the 1960s. GPS was created and realized by theU. S. Department of Defense(USDOD) and was originally run with 24satellites. It became fully operational in 1994. 6. 0 Conclusion Open Source can be used by anyone and because it has no copyright claims, so users are free to use, change, and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified forms. Pervasive Computing is to make our lives easier because we can interact with computers. Besides that, we can easily give the computer commands and the computer will grant your wish. 2. 0 The Latest Open Source Operating System (OS) 2. 1 Meaning of Open Source OSOpen Source Operating System is the most important program that runs on a computer that is free to use, change, and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified forms. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the bring out screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. 2. 2 Examples of Open Source OS a) Dream Linux pic DreamLinuxis a modern and modular Linux system that can be run directly from the CD and optionally be easily installed onto your HD. Dreamlinux comes with a selection of the best applications designed to meet mostly of your daily needs.It is based on Debian and Morphix, which means it takes advantages of their best features and adds its own modern education tools. b) Haiku pic Haikuis an open-source operating system currently in development designed from the ground up for desktop computing. Inspired by the BeOS , Haiku aims to provide users of all levels with a personal computing experience that is simple yet powerful, and free of any unnecessary complexities. Haiku is developed mostly by volunteers around the world in their spare time. 3. 0 The Latest Open Source Application Software 3. 1 Meaning of Open Source Application Software Open Source Application Software includes database programs, word processors, and spreadsheets and others.It is free to use, change, and improve the software, and toredistributeit inmodifiedorunmodifiedforms. 3. 2 Examples of Open Source Application Software Web Browser pic*Mozilla Firefox Aweb browseris asoftware applicationfor retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on theWorld Wide Web. An information resourceis identified by aUniform Resource Identifier(URI) and may be aweb page, image, video, or other piece of content. Hyperlinkspresent in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources. The major web brow sers areInternet Explorer,Mozilla Firefox,Google Chrome,Apple Safari, andOpera. Spreadsheet pic*Microsoft obligation ExcelAspreadsheetis acomputer applicationthat simulates a paper, accountingworksheet. It displays multiple jail cells usually in a monotone matrix or grid consisting of rows and columns. Each cell containsalphanumerictext, numeric values or formulas. Aformuladefines how the content of that cell is to be calculated from the contents of any other cell (or junto of cells) each time any cell is updated. Spreadsheets are frequently used forfinancialinformation because of their ability to re-calculate the entire sheet automatically after a change to a single cell is made. A pseudo third dimension to the matrix is sometimes applied as another layer, or layers/sheets, of two-dimensional data.

An Ideal Student Essay

An Ideal Student Children are the wealth of a nation. A Nation that produces a genesis of talented and hardworking youth marches ahead on the path of progress. However creating quality citizens is no easy task and cannot be achieved overnight. The first clapperclaw for that is to produce sublime learners in our schools. These ideal students would go on to become ideal citizens. Who is an ideal student? There isnt one definite result to that because there are many qualities that together define an ideal student.The most important quality of an ideal student is that for him. The foremost duty of his school life story is to study. He studies regularly and works hard to improve his performance in each exam. But his objective of studying is not to only score secure marks or secure a high rank. Beyond that he has a thirst for knowledge, an interest to learn more about everything he observes. aside from studies, an ideal student industriously gets involves in other activities. He is good in arts and sports and regularly participates in intra and inter school events.He is an active member of various clubs in the school and helps in organizing events. But participating in competitions and winning events is not the only big thing in life, and an ideal student knows that very well. Virtues like kindness, compassion, respect, sincerity, honesty, politeness are equally important in todays world, and these qualities are found in abundance in an ideal student. He treats his parents, teachers and elders with respect, and speaks politely to everybody. In times of crisis for his friends, he is the first person to stand by them.He never boasts of his achievements and never gets depressed by his failures. He is always cheerful and maintains a positive approach to life. He spreads hope and happiness wherever he goes. In short his conduct is prize by everyone. An ideal student is a voracious reader. He reads the newspaper regularly and is well aware about the events and hap penings in various parts of the world. He also reads magazines, novels and short stories. He has an excellent grasp of the language and is very good at communicating things to others.Last but not the least, an ideal student loves his parents and family members very much and does as much as he can to help them and to keep them happy. He never wastes his parents hard-earned money and believes that knowledge is the biggest wealth he can acquire. An ideal students grows up to be an asset to his family, his society and the country. If only all our schools could produce more and more ideal students, our country could achieve horrifying progress and become the envy of the whole world.

Ownership of Media Companies – Disney, the BBC and The Bath Chronicle

Disneys a pubic company and is in addition a conglomerate it has a net income of around $4.555 billion and has shares of 1.856 billion. As Disney is publicly owned it representation that their discriminate is that they gravel to follow more people or a charter like the BBC. They also have an disadvantage with limited liability as they are personal labi completelyy. Public companies also means they have another disadvantage as they have higher cost for the government which means they have higher taxes. Mainly they do have to share financial documents with the public which also means that competition does get to ensure on that point documents. Finally being a public company you dot have to ask lots of shareholders what they think. On the other hand the advantages could be that it provides much jobs. They have to provide a service for the whole country.Disney venturesDisney has many business ventures and own many companies including 9 walt Disney picture companies for example T ouchstone, 5 Disney music companies, Television channels, cable networks, ESPN, Disney interactive groups, holidays and theme parks. Disney are making so many things and spreading their wings into so many different business. With all these businesss it helps Disney have a massive vertical desegregation.Disney is well renowned for its classical movies and recent movies from the likes of Snow albumen and Cinderella to Tangled and Princess and the frog. Disney also wants to travel into different countries and they do this by making cultural movies and having Disney holidays, theme parks and cruises. Whilst Disney makes many movies we love they have also been criticized for being sexist, ageism and sometimes racist, for example the villain is always old and the princess always being a type of housewife, for example Snow White cleaning the house. In films like Aladdin a song featured in the movie featured a quite rude I come from a landwhere they cut off your ears, if they dont like yo ur face. Its barbaric, but hey, its home. When you think of Disney you think fun, light family fun not Disney being excused racist, sexism and ageism but in a quote this quote Michael Eisner explains We have no obligation to make history. We have no obligation to make art. We have no obligation to make a statement. To make money is our only objective.Disney use has very good vertical integration due to how many companies they own. Disney burn down make movies with their production company, advertise the films and products in their magazine, show it on their television channel. For example Beavis and Butt-Head Do America on costed $11 million to make and made a profit on $70 million, but Disneys The Lion King made a profit of $1 billion due to them making merchandise, TV show, broadway shows. When films are made by conglomerates they generate more profit than a box office filmed would. self-commandBBC ownershipBBCThe BBC is neither public nor privately owned, it is a corporate dev ote and is funded by license payers. On the BBC trust website it has in bold letters getting the surpass out of the BBC for license fee payers. This means that the BBC has a charter which tells the BBC the dos and donts. The charter tells the BBC that the content on the BBC must be informative, educational, socialize and the BBC should Bring the UK to the world and the world to the UK. As the BBC is a trust and runs on the money that the incense payer gives them, the BBC tolerate just use the money they make on TV shows etc and put it into other shows they make. The advantage of a trust is that the money can just reused even so the disadvantage is that the it has a charter that it must run by however I also see this as a positive ting because they last what things they are supposed to do.BBC servicesThe BBC has multiply TV stations, radio stations, news channels and many other sectors including online services, interactive media, music, miscellaneous etcin person I like the BBC because1. It has no adverts and I suppose the BBC dont need adverts of products because the BBC is paid for by links payers and people that watch TV more often than not hate adverts. However they do play adverts for programs on the BBC. This may increase viewers as it allows them to skip the things they dont like but also the BBC has some of the best shows on the TV. Since the digital switch over I can only imagine that the BBC lost viewing figures.With the BBC becoming a trust in 2007, I think that the this has helped the BBC run a more organised service. It has gave the BBC strategy and overall it has made the BBC more successful. Since the trust came in in 2007 the trust has approved new services including iPlayer, HDTV, BBC Alba and the digital switchover.OwnershipBath ChronicleThe Bath chronicleThe Bath chronicle is a public company which means that it has the same advantages and disadvantages of Disney. However as Disney is much bigger, this means the rules are probably less important but still are still used. The newspaper which began in 1760 is now owned by Northcliff media. As the chronicle is a newspaper it must write about things in Bath but it can keep some major things outside Bath but most of the stories are based around local area. So I suppose this must be an advantage as they still have some freewill.I suppose that Northcliff media has Horizontal integration as they buy all different newspapers. The advantage of this can be that they can share the costs of production and management, the production can be done in bulk but may be a bit harder then a TV station or other media sector, as local papers may be made locally and have different content and deadlines and profits could be more. On the other hand disadvantages could include individuality being lost, no competitors left like a monopoly when theres a lack of competition.

Prevention of High School Dropout Essay

Having critically analyzed the consequence of superior school dropout in the recent time and future implication to the United States, it is important for me at this juncture to forward this practicable way forward to the Office of Mr. President, United State of America for suggested actions and policy implementation in order to curb the trend. every lost disciple from the school into the initiation of illiteracy is a threat to our future economy and the intellectual human fertility. Firstly, the understanding of the reasons of what seems to have precipitated dropout is critical to the closure drives.Since struggling poor students account for the highest statistic among the dropout students, aid at getting these people for necessary assistance need to be facilitated through the informed teachers who are about close to them. The involvement of State administrative officers is equally important for information relay. There is a need to bring available resource centre to the inves t school. Aid officers need to work in partnership with school officers in charge, the community leaders and early days friendly organizations within and outside the school expound for more productive concerted effort.Secondly, establishment of network of model program between school counseling unit and Government or non-governmental organizations on youth mentoring will assist in the prevention of high school dropout. The counseling unit needs to be well supported in every high school. A mere companion with students can save a future of misfortune. Through interactions of students with the counselor, the school will recognize the prevailing need of a emf dropout student and initiate a networking scheme to appropriate quarters for rescue.Some may have psychological or psychosocial re-orientation need about the importance of staying in school as against whatever reason for intending dropout. Easy accessibility and companion gesture must be advocate through student survey afterwar d visit. Through efficient and friendly students/counselor interaction, the school man periodment and the State can come up with a biannual statistics on findings. These findings are thusly used as the basis for teaching and curricula drawn-up. Personal problems are best treated privately hence, counselor needs to respect individuals privacy irrespective of the age to avoid discouraging attendants.Through this plan, causes of dropouts such fear of violence in school, family poor financial status, consequence of parental divorce, unfriendly teacher-student relationship, teachers poor knowledge of student learning technique, and self-emotional issues will not cause dropout. Thirdly, enforcement of curriculum to help students discover the relationship between what is learnt at school in connection with the real world is vital to sustain student mood to always desire for more in school and never get bore to have thought of displace out.Through the State education policy, one would sug gest the creation of an intermediary arm that organizes programs and trainings for school teachers. It is likely for teachers to lose touch with the reality of the industrial world, this mediator program will keep reminding the instructors and teachers of the expected values in the labor force or entrepreneurship (Raby 1990). In summary, the suggested aforementioned ways of preventing dropout in the United States put at real-time educational policy reform in line with latest findings.Reforms need to be dynamic with the modernizing world. A check at policy performance is as important as the policy itself, therefore, concerted effort must be instituted to avert wasting of effort in policy formulation. Our educational system will soon be wiped out of dropout cases if these measures are harnessed together. Long Live the America Work Cited Raby, M. (1990). The California Partnership Academies. Redwood City, CA Sequoia Union High School District. Robledo, M. R., & Rivera, C. (1990). Pa rtners for Valued Youth Dropout prevention strategies for at-risk language minority students. San Antonio, TX Intercultural Development Research Association. Jay Smink, (2009). 15 Effective Strategies for Dropout streak. National Dropout Prevention Center at Clemson University. Online article. Site Available at http//www. schargel. com/index. php? s=prevention+of+dropout. Retrieved on 04-15-2009. http//www. americaspromise. org/APAPage. aspx? id=10158

It320 Hmwk 4.1

Wan Technology/ Unit 4 Assignment 4. 1 1. At what horizontal surface of the OSI model does CDP operate? Data Link story 2. What is the primary use for CDP? To discover tuition about directly affiliated Cisco devices 3. What network layer protocols mountain CDP provide information for? IP, Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX), and AppleTalk 4. When CDP is enabled on an port wine, a router (or switch) sends CDP ads on a regular basis, which list information about the sending router. include in the packets are a series of Type/Length/Value, or TLV, data structures. . The found cdp neighbors mastery can be used to display wizard argument of information about each directly connected CDP-enabled device. contestation the six pieces of information displayed. Device ID, local interface, hold m, capability, platform, and port ID 6. In the topology of whole Cisco devices shown in Figure 4-1, you are on Host A and consoled in to RTA. What devices can you see in the widening from CDP commands? SWA, RTB, and RTConly the directly connected devices that are attached to RTA 7. How would you gather information about other CDP-enabled devices in the network?By Telneting to those devices and using the show cdp neighbors command 8. From RTB in Figure 4-1, what devices can you see in the output from CDP commands? RTA and RTD 9. From RTC in Figure 4-1, what devices can you see in the output from CDP commands? RTA and RTD 10. From RTD in Figure 4-1, what devices can you see in the output from CDP commands? RTB, RTC, and SWB 11. cdp run Global Enables CDP globally on the router. cdp enable Interface Enables CDP on an interface. lear cdp counters Privileged EXEC mode Resets the dealing counters to 0. show cdp entry User or inside EXEC mode Displays information about a specific neighbor. show cdp interface User or privileged EXEC mode Displays information about interfaces on which CDP is enabled. show cdp neighbors detail User or privileged EXEC mode Displays at least six pi eces of information about the neighbor 12. The cdp run command enables CDP globally on the router. By default, CDP is globally enabled. The enable cdp command enables CDP on a particular interface. 13.Fill in the appropriate commands in the configuration/output that follows RTC(config)cdp run_ < Command that will start CDP RTC(config)interface Ethernet 0 RTC(config-if)no cdp enable < Turn off CDP on this interface RTC(config-if)end 14. Why would you want to disable CDP on an interface or globally? CDP advertisements contain a wealth of information about your networking devices Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is upEncapsulation ARPA displace CDP packets every 60 entropyonds Holdtime is 180 seconds Serial0 is up, line protocol is up Encapsulation HDLC Sending CDP packets every 60 secondsHoldtime is 180 seconds Serial1 is administratively down, line protocol is down Encapsulation HDLC Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds Holdtime is 180 seconds 15. Fill in the appropriate commands in the configuration/output that follows RTC show cdp Global CDP information Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds Sending a holdtime value of 180 seconds Sending CDPv2 advertisements is enabled RTC show cdp craft < Command to display cdp statistics CDP counters Total packets output 70, Input 34 Hdr syntax 0, Chksum error 0, Encaps failed 0 No memory 0, Invalid packet 0, Fragmented 0CDP magnetic variation 1 advertisements output 0, Input 0 CDP version 2 advertisements output 70, Input 34 RTC clear cdp counters < Command to reset traffic statistics RTC show cdp traffic < Command to display cdp statistics CDP counters Total packets output 0, Input 0 Hdr syntax 0, Chksum error 0, Encaps failed 0 No memory 0, Invalid packet 0, Fragmented 0 CDP version 1 advertisements output 0, Input 0 CDP version 2 advertisements output 0, Input 0 RTC show cdp neighbors Capability Codes R Router, T Trans Bridge, B Source Route Bridge S Switch, H Host, I IGMP, r RepeaterDevice ID Local Intrfce Holdtme Capability Platform Port ID RTA Ser 0 167 R 2500 Ser 0 RTB Ser 1 129 R 2500 Ser 0 RTC show cdp neighbors detail - Device ID RTA Entry address(es) IP address 172. 17. 0. 2 Platform cisco 2500, Capabilities Router Interface Serial0, Port ID (outgoing port) Serial0 Holdtime 130 sec Version Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 12. 2(13b), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) Copyright (c) 1986-2003 by cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Thu 20-Feb-03 1409 by pwade advertisement version 2RTC show cdp interface Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up 122 Routers and Routing Basics CCNA 2 Labs and Study Guide Encapsulation ARPA Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds Holdtime is 180 seconds Serial0 is up, line protocol is up Encapsulation HDLC Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds Holdtime is 180 seconds Serial1 is administratively down, line protocol is down Encapsulation HDLC Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds Holdtime is 180 seconds 16. List and briefly describe the rectify options displayed after entering the following command RTBdebug cdp ? adjacency CDP neighbor info vents CDP events ip CDP ip info packets CDP packet-related information 17. Fill in the table that follows. Command Description clear cdp table Deletes the CDP table of information about neighbors show debugging Displays information about the types of debugging that are enabled for your router debug cdp adjacency Displays informational messages in real time when the status of a CDP neighbor changes debug cdp events Displays informational messages about any event that occurs with CDP debug cdp ip Displays informational messages each time a router learns IP information with CDP dp timers A global configuration command that sets the CDP update timer cdp holdtime A global configuration command that specifies the CDP holdtime PG 119-122 1. Telnet 2. quintet 0-4 3. ICMP Traceroute TTL Network 4. (7) talent (3) ping traceroute show ip route (2) show cdp neighbors show interfaces 5. telnet dfw ,telnet 192. 168. 1. 1, DFW , 192. 168. 1. 1 6. exit or logout 7. Ctrl-Shift-6,x 8. resume 1, where 1 is the sessions connection number 9. The session with the * is the most recent. 10. press Enter at the privileged or user EXEC prompt 11. show ip route 12. To plan of attack the command-line interface of a remote device 13.That connectivity along the path to DFW is good up to and including AUS 14. 14. Telnet into AUS and use troubleshooting commands to ascertain why connectivity has failed beyond AUS. The first commands would more than presumable be show ip route or show ip interface 15. Ctrl-Shift-6,x Pg124 1. CDP only shows information about directly connected Cisco devices. Router 1 is the only device directly connected to all other devices 2. The clock rate is set to 56000, and the interface is xxx for this topology The no shutdown command brings up the interface. 3. 2 Serial 0 and FastEthernet 0

Paleolithic Age

The rock Age Social Studies Mrs. Perez By Alexander Colon 6th grade The Stone Age Now I think we can each(prenominal) admit that The Stone Age was not a good time to be life in the glory and all that. But I bet we would all be having some sensibly good times with the things that you were able to do nates then. So, let me explain some to you. During the Paleolithic age nomads grouped together into small societies called bands. They also subsisted by gathering plants, hunting, or scavenging wild animals. They did this by getment wood or bones carved to use as weapons. They started to use stones in the neolithic so I will get to that later.Other organic commodities were satisfactory for use as tools also like leather or vegetable fibers. Although the Paleolithic age is part of the Stone Age nomads did not use stones until the neolithic age Ill get to that now. The beginning of the Neolithic culture is co0nsidered to be in the Levant about 10200-8800 BCE. It formed directly from the Epipaleolithic Nafutian culture in the region, whose population pioneered the use of wild cereals, which evolved into real farming. The Nafutian period was 12000-10200 BCE, and the so-called proto-Neolithic is now included in the PPNA between 10200-8800 BCE.As the Nafutians had become dependent on wild cereal in their diet and a sedentary way of life had begun among them, the climatic changes and associated with the younger dryas are thought to have forced people to have develop farming. There also were weapons made by stones, flint, and other materials. I did not include this in the intro, still the Mesolithic actually falls between the Neolithic and Paleolithic age. Did you know that in the Stone Age you did not have to have a license for anything? If you wanted to go kill a horse, smack somebody, or even throw a rock at somebody you can do it without anybody telling you so.The term Mesolithic was first used to post-Holocene, but pre-agricultural material in Norwest Europe about 10000-5000 BCE. It is also an applied material in Levant. As you can see the Stone Age had some pretty fun things to do. You can grab a bow and arrow and hunt down a random animal you can even go horse-back riding, or even play with fire, nobody cared what you did. There were no laws. Why heck you could have gotten married at the age of five. I guess I just explained to you that we all can have a good time in the Stone Age even if there was no television.

Othello Analysis Essay

Jealousy is defined as emotional state and/or present envy of some unmatchable for their achievements and advantages. Jealousy is known to be one of the worlds worst emotions, take turn up graspingy is not an emotion. Jealousy is a deadly ailment and should not be considered an emotion proving that eon in a jealous state there is a complete disadvantage of aver. A person in the jealous state is completely incapable of softenling their emotions, behaviour and their mind process devising them vulnerable in all situations. The recreate Othello written by William Shakespeare proves to be one of the most silent pieces of literature includes many characters that are diagnosed with the deadly infirmity that is Jealousy.O, beware, my lord, of jealousy /It is the green eyed monster which doth sneer/ the meat it feeds on (Othello, 3.3.165-167). A very vital and traumatizing token that comes with having the Jealous sickness is the psychological loss of visit. The diagnosed ch aracter is incapable of chastenling their thoughts, often leading them to making unreasonable decisions. In the play Othello, we delay many characters that are ill with the Jealous disease and are battling to keep their thoughts intact.Iago is one of the first gear characters to be introduced into the play who possess the illness. When Iago proves to have the symptom of psychological control loss, we chamberpot see it when he states, I am not what I am (Othello, 1.1.65). This is very signifi messt because throughout the play it is established that Iago is rattling contrasting the character who he claims to be loyal and honest. It is given that Iago is possessed by his illness forcing him to be the deceiving, smart, and insincere character. When Iago loses psychological control, he demonstrates a decision far too quickly, without processing all the elements. wish her father,Rouse him. Make after him, poison his delight,Proclaim him in the streets. Incense her kinsmen,And, tho ugh he in a fertile climate dwell,Plague him with flies. (Othello, 1.1.68-71)In this pass, Iago is speaking with Roderigo and has invented plans to destroy Desdemona and Othellos secret human relationship by exposing them to Desdemonas father, Brabantio awaiting him that the two have eloped. Iago does not take a moment to reconsider the locomote he wishes to pursue as a normal person would, Iago does not judge the consequences of his actions or what affects cleverness it cause. This passage is very significant because it is this one simple decision made by Iago that determines and introduces all the otherwise conflicts later in the play. It is established that Iago is in a Jealous state, that he is not in control of his thoughts and should not be held accountable for any actions he may pursue. One who has what is deemed a normal intellectual process can move forward to collecting their thoughts to make rational decisions, contradictory to one who is mould with the Jealous dise ase who lacks to control their thoughts.As we can see through Iago the Jealous disease has a powerful symptom that controls your intellectual process and therefore someone should not be held accountable for their thoughts objet dart in jealous state, for Jealousy is what triggers a character to performing abnormal acts, this leading to the next symptom, symptom of changes in behaviour. A person must always have control over their actions because as we all know, if they do not have power over their actions, it may lead to their downfall. Many characters in the play had uncontrolled actions that led to their own defeat as result of being in the Jealous state. The main character Othello, the brave Moor who was always taking cautious steps as a leader, quickly changed when he went into a Jealous state. I love thee/but never more be officer of mine (Othello, 2.3.227-228). This passage proves the courageous Othello when he took away Cassios position, for the benefit of the citizens of C yprus. Devil (striking her) (Othello, 4.1.228).This passage is where Othello is incapable to control his actions and slaps Desdemona in front of a crowd surprisingly to the original characteristics that defined Othello initially. If you compare the two passages you can distinguish the difference Othello in a balanced and unbalanced state. The illness that transmitted into his biological governance quickly, took over his ability to have power over his brain. It is too late. (he smothers her) (Othello, 5.2.83). This passage is very significant because as the reader we know that Othellos love forhis beloved wife is pure and he would never pluck such a crime, but since Othello is unable to break his bond of the Jealous disease, Othello kills his own wife. Othello wanted to be the dominate power, and had no power over his decisions of actions leading to his downfall. The actions one takes are controlled by their thoughts and emotions which neither of is a person in a Jealous state able to control.The emotional trauma that one feels maculation fighting the Jealous disease is horrifying. They are incapable of controlling their emotions and have high mood swings, which can result in overpowering their intellectual thought process that moves forward into taking control of their actions. In the play we are able to see characters whose emotions are uncontrollable and change very quickly. First, we have Othello who is in a battle with his emotions when he learns that Desdemona may be having an affair. Farwell the tranquil mind Farewell content (3.3.356) This is the first quote from Othello and shortly after he says, Villain, be sure thou prove my love a whore, Be sure of it. (3.3.367-368) as we can see Othello is going from insane to angry, and he has no control over who he has rage towards, for a second it is Desdemona and the next second it is Iago.Othello conflicts with the multiple emotions he is feeling and is has no power over the release of his emotions. This si gnifies that Jealousy is a disease because Othello does not feel jealous he feels many other emotions in this moment of the play while ill. Roderigo who also suffers from the Jealous disease also is unable to control his emotions. Nay, I theorise it is scurvy and begin to find myself fopped in it.(4.2.201-202)In this passage Roderigo speaks to Iago telling Iago that he knows Iago is cheating him. Although later in the play, Roderigo continues to work with Iago in hopes of killing Cassio. And yet he hath given me satisfying reasons.(5.1.9)As we observe Roderigo, we observe his different and quickly changing emotions around Iago. Roderigo although figuring out that Iago is not a good person, when in a Jealous state cannot control his emotions and feels that Iago will be loyal in the end, this leads to his own downfall because in the end it is Iago who kills Roderigo.This signifies that a character with the Jealous disease is unable to control their emotions and have emotions controll ed by a disease. Just as they have no control their behavioural and psychological changes. All in all, through the play Othello we learn that jealousy is a disease so strongno one can control their body. Their emotional, psychological, and conduct processes all change and make it very hard to process like normal. A person fighting this illness is very sick and unsafe which often leads them to their own destruction. There is no medication to cure the disease and no one should be held liable for their thoughts, actions or emotions. We can use this lesson as an example to help us think of jealousy as the disease it is and find a cure or a method to keep a patient from all that they go through when in a jealous state.

Pepsi Story

Founded in 1893, Pepsi is a carbonated soft drink that is a product of the sloshed PepsiCo. It the oral fissure and sass it was the leading soft drink troupe in the market place. From then to now a stool has changed in basis of market scenario as well as product development. The current market scenario comprises of twain main market leaders in the soft drink industry, namely, Pepsi and Coca-Cola (Coke). In addition to these another(prenominal) competitors accept Thumbs up, Lima, etc. Pepsi faces heavy competition in the Indian market that is so diverse in terms of cultures, traditions, tastes and references.Narrowing the research to the city of Pun specifically, in spite of appearance India, it usher out be noticed that the consumer preference is more for Pepsi or Coke all over the others. Since Pun is largely a student hub, it contains a lot of the younger propagation population. Thus with the research conducted through this study, Pepsi will be able to study how it cou ld get an upper mitt over its competitors in the potential and booming market of Pun in terms of brand knowingness and consumer preference. Need of the Study The need of the study conducted is highlighted below Will help with competitor analysis.Will help the conjunction to get an idea about consumer tastes and preference. Will help the company get an upper hand over its competitors. Will help the company to gain market dominance. Will ensure brand loyalty. As it can be studied trot the above graph which is based on the responses received from the target market of this study, Coke and Pepsi have a neck to neck competition with Coke leading as compared to the other companies including Pepsi. Thus the main need of this study is for Pepsi to analyze ways in which it could replace Coke to e the market dominator in Pun.It must focus on the branding, pricing and packaging parameters mainly in gear up to improve or introduce newer products into the market and that is exactly the kind of information this study would provide the firm with. Scope of the Study Scope of the study includes- Parameters such as competitor analysis, branding and packaging analysis. It focuses on carbonated soft drinks. Does not include water and alcoholic beverages. Limited to the city of Pun. Research conducted of behalf of Pepsi. Includes bottled as well as can soft drinks.Limited to age group of about fifteen to forty cardinal years. Included . Methods of Data Collection There are two methods of data collection- 1. principal(a) 2. Secondary Primary Both males and females Data was collected through the use of questionnaire. First hand information was made open by distributing questionnaires to 50 people in the target market. Secondary It refers to collection of data that already exists and is within reach of everyone else as well. For the purpose of this study secondary data methods such as the internet and diverse articles were used. Statistical Tools UBar Graph Pie Charts Questionn aire Company Profile Pepsi is a product of the company PepsiCo that is an American multinational company that has its base in New York. It was founded in 1965, after the merger of Pepsi-Cola Company and Frito Lay. The CEO of the firm is a dynamic Indian lady named Indri Garnishments Annoy, who has held her position since 2006. PepsiCo owns various firms, namely- Frito Lay Tropical Quaker Oats transshipment center Various products introduced include Diet Pepsi Lipton Ice Tea 7 up Mountain Dew Miranda Lays Doris These are a few products amongst many others.

Only Child Syndrome Essay

When most couples today atomic number 18 thinking round kids, they wonder how many a(prenominal) they should work. several(prenominal) multitude want big families and early(a)wises would rather nurture sm tot every last(predicate)(a)yer superstars. Then there be others that ingest no clue. They whitethorn worry about the entirely nestling syndrome, there are some people that believe its true.The question is what is the altogether tiddler syndrome? Its a myth that dates back all the way to the late 1800s. When G. Stanley Hall said being an however tike was a disease all in itself. Susan Newman, a favorable psychologist at Rutgers University and the author of the book Parenting an exactly Child says the myth has been move because, People articulate that more(prenominal)over children are spoiled, theyre aggressive, theyre bossy, theyre lonely, theyre maladjusted and the numerate goes on and on and on. (Only-Child Syndrome or Advantage) But there is no science to prove that the stereotype is true. Newman has said, thither has been hundreds and hundreds of research studies that show that scarcely children are no different from their peers. (OCSA)Even though most names caution that their child go away suck up the only child syndrome, there are many positive aspects of having an only child. Children are expensive. According to the department of Labor, for families that make roughly $60,000 a year, each child costs more than than $250,000 by the time he or she reaches 18, and that doesnt include the cost of college (Whats Better oneness Child or Siblings?). Children cost their provokes roughly $50,000 in just food by the time their 18. twenty percent of the family population is one child, Susan Newman said. In the major metropolitan cities, alike(p) New York and Los Angeles, that number is cardinal percent. People are having children later, which leaves less time for having the second child. Housing is expensive. The divorce rate hove rs at litre percent. Often both parents are working, and child care is a factor. (WBOCS)By being in an only child family, the child can develop better verbal skills and excel in school because they have more time to read than children with blood relations. They also go to have high IQs because their parents announce them to such high expectations and have more money to give them for schooling.Only children ordinarily have well behaved leadership benefits. They are both born first and last so they have both roles that they have to assume. Only children enduret usually take to groups often, but when they do they more that usually will dominate the group in leadership positions (Only Child Versus Multiple Siblings). As an only child they dont have to worry about sibling rivalries. They dont have to worry about competing for their parents affection. Sibling rivalries whitethorn engender out of control when a young, rebellious siblings vie for their parents affection. In some i nstances, sibling rivalries have become fatal when inheritances or other emotional affection come into play (OCVMS).Its no fun having a sibling that your parents think can do no wrong. The child always has to get compared to this sibling no matter what they do. It would put a strain on the relationship with the sibling and also the relationship with the parents. An only child wouldnt have to deal with any of that. Only children can grow up to become more independent, that is if their parents havent spoiled them by tending to their each and every need (Advantages and Disadvantages of world an Only Child). They wouldnt have an old sibling to depend on to help them every mistreat of the way so they would have to fend for themselves.There may be many advantages of being an only child but there are also some disadvantages. The junior-grade Emperor Syndrome is one that comes to mind. The Little Emperor Syndrome is an unintended consequence of Chinas one-child policy. The parent gives their love, attention, resources to the one child and the results are that the child becomes spoiled and behaves like a Little Emperor. (ADBOC) The child gets used to having everything done for them by their parent so much so that when they live in the authoritative world, they are faced with real problems they may non be fitted to cope with. They may also lack self-confidence, and may feel alienated when they are outside of the shelter that their parent have made for them. This may not always be the case though. It can be overcome with good parenting.Another big disadvantage of being an only child may be the feeling of loneliness. They wouldnt have any siblings to talk to and share memories with, or to play with on the weekends. When their parents are no longer around, not having someone to talk to or sort up to for any kind of help or support can be a real problem for the child. Furthermore, when their parents are of age(p) and need to have someone to take care of them, the only child would have to have all of that responsibility on their shoulders and it could get very overwhelming (ADBOC).An only child could have a lot of pressure put on them by their parents. Like pressure to restrain the family name going, or academic pressures. Also being an only child could mean having your parents watch you like a hawk, which may be quite suffocating and stressful. Having siblings could take some of that pressure off that one child and they could have a more of a stress free life. But again this may not be true in all cases. The only child may be able to handle stress easily or have no stress at all.Only children have to work twice as hard at making friends. They dont have the chance of learning social skills by having other children in their household. So that means they have to learn all of their social skills in the real world with other children. An only child may be label as a spoiled brat by others that are jealous of their success. They usually receive more negativity from the world than children who were raised with multiple siblings (OCVMS). They may also be labeled as loners because they are used to working on their own on solving problems. A loner isnt usually taken well by society. Only children usually value their privacy and the luxuries of having their personal lives communicated only to trust groups of individuals (OCVMS).On the other hand, having multiple siblings can have its advantages, too. Children with siblings learn to negotiate, dominate or submit to other people. They learn to interact with each other at home first rather than with other children. Siblings tend to learn from each others mistakes. The first born usually take the role of the instructor or the boss in the family. They can teach the younger siblings about the things they did wrong when they were younger and didnt know themselves. People who must deal with multiple siblings learn to be better leaders. They are taught to befriend negotiate and in s ome instances, compete at home (OCVMS). Most likely the oldest sibling is usually the natural born leader. When individuals have siblings they tend to learn early n what their strengths and weaknesses are and they can strain their lives accordingly. Negotiating with multiple siblings is usually a big reason so individuals to learn fast what their strength and weaknesses are so they can use them.Like being an only child, having siblings has its disadvantages too. Having to fight for parent attention and monetary support is a big one. Parents who often have to educate multiple kids and enroll them in social activities find themselves in financial strain (OCVMS). So if there is a big age variance between kids, one child may have completely different experience that the other siblings. The goddam game is another disadvantage. Younger siblings are usually more rebellious and less successful.The older sibling is usually the one that takes the heat for the younger siblings proclivities or personality traits. Younger priapic siblings are more likely to become homosexual. In fact, there is a 20% chance that a younger male sibling will become gay (OCVMS). Jealousy is often directed toward the older and usually more successful sibling. The younger siblings may form a group to unseat the older sibling from their throne. Younger siblings may be jealous of the older siblings money, knowledge, spouse, status, or the time that was spent with their parents sooner they were born. This happens especially when there is a significant age different between siblings.Many couples now geezerhood have to worry about many different things when they want to become parents. They worry about how many kids they want and financially strains of having children. I come from a family where I am the eldest of four younger siblings. Even though I dont experience it first hand, I am not one who believes in the only child syndrome.Works CitedAdvantages and Disadvantages of Being an Only Chil d. HubPages. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . Joys of Parenting. Joys of Parenting. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . Only Child Syndrome a Myth. Discovery News. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . The Situationist. The Situationist. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012.

Cultural Differences Between France and Middle-East (Maghreb)

westbound European culture (France) Over the past 500 years, France has been a major(ip) power with strong cultural, economic, multitude and political influence in Europe and in the world. During the 19th and primordial 20th centuries, France built the second largest empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia. After the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, the absolute monarchy was abolished and France became a paperal monarchy. Through the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, France established fundamental rights for cut citizens and all men without exception.The Declaration affirms the natural and imprescriptible rights of man to liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression. Freedom of bringing and press were decl ard, and arbitrary arrests outlawed. Government The french Republic is a unitary semi-presidential republic with strong pop traditions. Demographics With an estimated population o f 65. 8 meg wad (as of 1 Jan. 2011), France is the 20th most populous country in the world. In 2004, a total of 140,033 people immigrated to France.Of them, 90,250 were from Africa and 13,710 from Europe. In 2008, France granted citizenship to 137,000 persons, mostly to people from Morocco, Algeria and Turkey. It is illegal for the French state to collect data on ethnicity and race, a law with its origins in the 1789 revolution and reaffirmed in the constitution of 1958.. While official data on the size of the countrys ethnic minorities is not available, it has been estimated that between three million and six million people are of North African ancestry while an estimated 2. million people are of Black African ancestry. It is currently estimated that 40% of the French population is descended at least(prenominal) partially from the different waves of immigration the country has received. Between 1921 and 1935 about 1. 1million net immigrants came to France. Religion papistical Ca tholicism has been the predominant religion in France for more than a millennium, though it is not as actively practiced today as it once was. According to a January 2007 poll by the Catholic homo News 51% identified s being Catholics, 31% identified as being agnostics or atheists 10% identified as being from other religions or being without opinion, 4% identified as Muslim, 3% identified as Protestant, 1% identified as Buddhist, 1% identified as Jewish. So we could see that France is one of the most multinational and multicultural countries in Europe. The main motivation for the law seems to be Sarkozys desire to do something to improve his dismal approval ratings. By appearing tough on Muslims he, perhaps, can counter the growing appeal of the right. His military adventures in Libya also seem calculated to that end. apparently enough, this reason hardly justifies the law. Middle easterly culture (Maghreb from Arabic West) Actually in our content we will talk mostly about the expanse of Northwest Africa called Maghreb (also Maghrib). It includes five countries Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Mauritania and the disputed territory of Western Sahara. Because of Sahara desert contact between the Maghreb and sub-Saharan Africa is limited. Thats why the biggest influence was coming from Middle Eastern cultures. The Arabs reached Maghreb in 7th century and brought their own religion Islam and Arabic language.After the 19th century, areas of the Maghreb were colonized by France, Spain and later Italy. In 1950th and beginning of 1960th all five countries became independent with their own government and low which is standardized to French system board. Today more than two and a half million Maghrebi immigrants live in France, especially from Algeria and Morocco. In addition, there are 3 million French of Maghrebi origin (in 1999) (with at least one grand-parent from Algeria, Morocco or Tunisia) Family is extremely important in Asian cultures with much import ance being move on the elderly members of the family.The elderly are much revered in Asian society and it ineluctably to be said that we dont show the same respect to the elderly in Western culture. Approximately 5 -10% of the adult population in North Africa is illiterate. In the majority of Asian countries the social infrastructure is forget me drug in a class system and it really is the poor versus the wealthy with little opportunity to origin above poverty line certain Asian countries the name given to you at birth depicts where you are placed as a person in the scheme of things. Money tends to bypass he command populace in regards to support systems, such as improving hospitals, availability of fresh water, and implementing crisis agencies or whatsoever is required to enable people to seek shelter in times of need. All these things are high school on the list of priorities and available in most Western cultures. We also take advantage of the position that due to the rat e of cheap labor in Asian countries it is more economical for Western businesses to do goods offshore, so their profit margins are increased. Algeria, Egypt, and Tunisia are all republican democracies, meaning they are governed by elected legislative bodies.Both Algeria and Egypt have bicameral legislatures while Tunisia is unicameral. Libya is a unique government in the region for two reasons. First, in theory, it is a socialist democracy in which people govern themselves through local anaesthetic political councils. Second, though these councils do exist and function, in reality the nation is governed by a military dictatorship which hasnt changed since it took over in 1969 when cornel Muammar Quadhafi took power in a military coup. Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with bicameral parlament.

Dividend Policy & Capital Structure

Comparative Analysis of Dividend policy & metropolis mental synthesis Prep ard For Lutfur Rahman elderberry bush Lecturer, Department of Business Administproportionn, East West University. Course Code FIN-435 Course Title Managerial finance Prep bed By Md. Habibur Rahman Utpal Kumar Ghosh ID 2006-2-10-175 ID 2006-2-10-179 Date of Submission August 11, 2009 East West University 43, Mohakhali C/A, Dhaka-1212 Introduction ? ? stemma of the Report Mr. Lutfur Rahman, Senior Lecturer, East West University, has assigned this accounting to us, as this report is a fate of the course Managerial Finance.Objectives of the Report The broad objective of the report is to build a soused familiarity about the Dividend insurance policy & Capital Structure to measure the per somaance of the guild. By preparing this report we ar toil approximately to acquaintance of the overall dividend policy & capital Structuring. Moreover the superficial objective of the report is to acquire familiarity about the insights of interpreting the dimensions. Preparing this report such(prenominal) kind of topic is extremely beneficial for us as the students of finance. Scope of the Report This report is based on the dividend policy & capital Structuring.Through this report we be try to focus on the area related to the m singletary performance of the companies. We particularly focus on dividend policy & capital Structuring and related proportionalitys as those are the major indicator of the performance assessment of a secure. Methodology For execution of the report we use MS office software. Topic of the report is not permitting us to input info from primary sources. As the report must be factual, the selective information source of this report is basically secondary sources. We gathitherd our relevant data from the different periodicals published by the two cementum companies.We as well as collect our relevant information from different books as easy. We alike collected some (a) data from the internet to broaden our scope of analysis. Dhaka comport Exchange websites, Meghna cementums mills website, corporate trust cementum Ltd, websites are few of them. Limitations Inadequate knowledge in studying reports. Lack of in-depth understanding of certain lines and c one timepts prevented us from going into details. Lacks of research. Unavailability of updated data. Time narrowation is as well been there. Lack of information and coordination. Confidentiality of data was an otherwise compulsive barrier that was faced during the conduct of this study. Power Crisis. ? ? ? 2 rogue Dividend Policy ? Dividend Dividends are pays made by a corporation to its percentholders. It is the portion of corporate services remunerative out to jobholders. When a corporation clears a profit or surplus, that property dissolve be put to two uses it usher out either be re-invested in the business (called retained earnings), or it can be remunerative to the pa cketholders as a dividend. umteen corporations retain a portion of their earnings and pay the remainder as a dividend.For a articulate standard fraternity, a dividend is pieced fast as a fixed amount per share. Therefore, a shareholder receives a dividend in proportion to their shareholding. For the joint stock lodge, paying dividends is not an expense rather, it is the division of an asset among shareholders. exoteric companies usually pay dividends on a fixed schedule, but may declare a dividend at any time, sometimes called a special dividend to distinguish it from a regular one. Cooperatives, on the other hand, allocate dividends fit to members activity, so their dividends are often considered to e a pre-tax expense. Dividends are usually settled on a cash basis, as a payment from the confederation to the shareholder. They can take other forms, such as store credits ( earthy among retail consumers cooperatives) and shares in the lodge (either refreshingly-created sha res or existing shares bought in the market. ) Further, some in the public eye(predicate) companies offer dividend reinvestment plans, which automatically use the cash dividend to purchase additional shares for the shareholder. ? Forms of Payments ? Cash dividends (most common) are those paid out in the form of a check.Such dividends are a form of investment income and are usually taxable to the recipient in the socio-economic class they are paid. This is the most common method of sharing corporate profits with the shareholders of the company. For each share have, a tell amount of money is distributed. Thus, if a person owns vitamin C shares and the cash dividend is $0. 50 per share, the person go forth be issued a check for 50 dollars. ? Stock dividends are those paid out in form of additional stock shares of the issuing corporation, or other corporation (such as its subsidiary corporation).They are usually issued in proportion to shares own (for example, for every 100 sha res of stock owned, 5% stock dividend will yield 5 extra shares). If this payment involves the issue of new shares, this is very similar to a stock split in that it increases the total number of shares while intemperate the outlay of each share and does not change the market capitalization or the total time range of the shares held. ? Property dividends are those paid out in the form of assets from the issuing corporation or some other corporation, such as a subsidiary corporation.They are relatively rare and most frequently are securities of other companies owned by the issuer, however they can take other forms, such as products and services. ? other(a) dividends can be used in bodily bodily social organizationd finance. fiscal assets with a known market value can be distributed as dividends warrants are sometimes distributed in this way. For large companies with subsidiaries, dividends can take the form of shares in a subsidiary company. A common technique for spinning o ff a company from its parent is to distribute shares in the new company to the old companys shareholders. The new shares can then be traded independently. Page ? Types of Dividend Policies ? Constant-Payout-proportion Dividend Policy A dividend policy based on the payment of a certain share of earnings to owners in each dividend period. ? Regular Dividend Policy A dividend policy based on the payment of a fixed-dollar dividend in each period. Often firm that use this policy increase the regular dividend once a proven increase in earning has occurred. ? Low-Regular-and-Extra Dividend Policy A dividend based on paying a low regular dividend, supplemented by an additional dividend when earnings are eminenter than normal in a disposed period. Argument for Dividend Relevance Gittman (10th edition) divided stock into two types, such as common stock and preferred stock. He alike showed that dividends are the outcome of investment. So, common stocks are an ownership claim against orig inally historical or productive asset (Higgins, 1995), but he in any case said that if the company prospers, shareowners are the chief beneficiaries, if it falters, they arc the chief losers. Smith (1988) presented that stocks arc one of the most popular forms of investment.People steal stocks for various reasons Some are interested in the broad- barrier growth of their investment by buying low priced stock of a new company in the hope of substantially growth of share price over the next few divisions. Another reason he suggested that in a well established firm stockholders expect the stock growth will be stable over the long run. (Smith. 1988). Stockholders expect dividend but it is not promised (Gitman, 10th edition). Common stocks are hold by true owners of the business. sometimes they are known as residual owners as they receive whatever left after move up of the company (Gitman, 10th edition Higgins 1995).Another type of stock is known as in public owned stock. Common s tock owned by a broad group of unrelated investors or institutional investors is called as publicly owned stock. yet, all common stock of a firm owned by a small group of investors is denoted as closely owned stock. When all the stock is owned by a single person is known as mysteriously owned stock. Due to the limit of number of share, stock can be classified in to four types. Such as come about share, outstanding share, treasury stock and issued stock (Gitman, 10th edition). important shares represent the maximum number of shares a firm allows to issue.Outstanding shares are hold by public. Treasury stock is purchased by firm itself and it is no longer considered as outstanding share. Issued shared are the shares that have been put into circulation. Recently stock repurchase option is very popuLar as it is able to increase stock value by decrease outstanding stock number (Port. 1976). Port also suggested that firms should avoid issuing stock to pay dividend as they slow down co mpany growth. According to Short and Wclsch (1990), Johns (1998) and Port (1976), a dividend is a usually distributed in cash form to stock holders of a corporation approved by the board of director.It may also include stock dividend or other forms of payment. A stock dividend represents a distribution of additional shares to common stockholders (Higgins, 1995). On the other hand. Ross et al. (2005) divided earnings into two parts either it is retained or paid as dividend. Whereas Wild et al. (2001), Johns (1998) and Kieso et al. (2004) argued that retained earnings are the primary source of dividend distribution to the stockholder. Dividends are hardly cash payments regularly made by corporations to their stockholders (Johns, 1998).He also specified that they are decided upon the declaration by the board of the directors and can range from zero to virtually any amount the corporation can afford to pay. 4Page Jones (2005) said that dividends are the only cash payment a stockholder receives directly from firm and these are the foundation of valuation for common stocks. Stock price response to an out of the blue(predicate) dividend change declaration is related to the dividend preferences of the marginal investor in that firm where other things remaining same (Denis et al. , 1994). In addition, a company. Which changes dividend policy, is judge to xperience upward or downward trends in share returns (Gunasekarage et al. , 2006). They also said that for the initiating firms, the share prices continued to rise even after the initial public offering (IPOs). Higgins (1995) said that if the company will have less money to invest or it will have to raise more money from external sources to make the same investments stockholders claim on future cash flow, which reduces share price appreciation. Moreover, during dividend announcement period stock price also fluctuate due to announcement of dividend. Mulugetta et al. 2002) examined the impact of Standard and little are ranking changes on stock prices. In addition, Affleck-Graves & Mendenhall (1992) found that stock price reacts after 8 days on honest up to 54 days of such earning announcement. With this believe, Hampton (1996) said that value of stock increase by more dividend and share remain undervalued by lower dividend policy. In addition, he also showed that there are two schools of thought regarding with the effect of dividend on stick price, one is dividends do not affect market price and the another one is dividend policies have profound effects on a firms position in the stock market. Benartzi et al. (1997), Ofer and Siegels (1987) and Bae (1996) found a positive correlational statistics between share price and dividend. Furthermore. Campbell and Shiller (1988) found a kin between stock prices, earnings and expected dividends and he drives a conclusion that earnings and dividends is powerful in predicting stock returns over several years. Wilkic analyse a 76 months share price in dex and dividend announced. He found a correlation coefficient. Which was under 0. 7 for the period 76 months and he also get that the maximum value of the regression coefficient world reached after 79 months.Moreover. ShilLer (1984. 1989) recommended investors in his study to buy the stocks when price is low relative to dividends and to sell stocks when it is high payoffs. On the other hand to their opinion, Jensen and Johnson (1995) suggested that, dividend cut results reduction in share price. More interesting affair is that if capital markets are perfect, dividends have no influence on the share price (MilLer and Modgliani, 1961). MiLler and ModgLiani (1961) also states that if the market is imperfect, dividend may affect stock price. ? rate of flow Practices of Dividend Policy in BangladeshAs Bangladesh is a maturation country, the corporate culture is growing very slightly in our country. Dividend policy is a major finance decision that involves with the payment to shareh olders in return of their investments. Every firm operating in a exhibitn exertion follows some sort of dividend payment pattern or dividend policy and obviously it is a financial indicator of the firm. Thus, demand of the firms share should to some extent. Dependant on the firms dividend payment pattern. Many investors like to watch the dividend yield, which is calculated as the yearbook dividend income per share divided by the current share price.The dividend yield measures the amount of income received in proportion to the share price. If a company has a low dividend yield compared to other companies in its sector, it can mean two things (1) the share price is high because the market reckons the company has impressive prospects and isnt overly worried about the companys dividend payments, or (2) the company is in trouble and cannot afford to pay reasonable dividends. At the same time, however, a high dividend yield can signal a sick company with a depressed share price.Dividen d yield is of little importance for growth companies because, retained earnings will be reinvested in elaborateness opportunities, giving shareholders profits in the form of capital gains. 5Page MEGHNA CEMENT limited (MCML) ? OVERVIEW OF THE confederation The Meghna cement mill modified (MCML) was the first undertaking Bashundhara Group in the manufacturing sector. This enterprise produces world-class cement and, as a testimony to this, stands the fact that the concern has been awarded the ISO-9001 certification for sustained quality control effort. The beau monde markets its cement under the registered trademark of King brand. ? primary Information commercialize Category A 400. 0 225. 0 100 2250040 Foreign 0 Public 10 Listing family1995 genuine Capital in BDT (mn) Outstanding Capital in BDT (mn) Face note value summarize no. of Securities mete out Percentage Sponsor/Director 58 Govt. 0 Institute 32 Graph 1 The Market price of share of MCML in 2008-2009 (Highest Value 67 8. 25, Lowest Value 336. 25) 6Page ? Dividend Policy Followed By Meghna Cement Ltd EPS Dividend Payout Cash proportionality 24. 15 279 216% 25. 00 22. 80 348 164 25. 00 7. 37 246 75 25. 00 5. 93 277 54 25. 00 5. 35 352 46 30. 00 65. 6 cl2 75 130 13. 12 ccc. 75 26 Table 1 monetary Data of MCML from 2004-2008 P/E ratio overlap Price(MKT. ) Dividend Bonus helping 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 25. 00 25. 00 25. 00 25. 00 30. 00 130 26 Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total amount 11. 57 15. 25 33. 38 46. 71 65. 86 172. 77 34. 554 Interpretation According to the to a higher place information it is visible that the company is following regular dividend policy (according to definition as given higher up). From 2004-2007 though the profit has change magnitude subsequently but it was not sufficient for payment of dividend at a rate of the forego years to all share holders of the company.For upholding the benefit and interest of general public the sponsors shareholders/Directors have decided to g ive up their dividend during those years under review of maintaining 31 consistent dividend policy for the 30 general public shareholders. So the 29 board of directors of the company 28 pleased to recommend cash dividend 27 26 25% on par value of shares for the 25 public share holders taking into 24 consideration the profit and tranquility 23 position of the company during that 22 period under reviewed. 004 2005 2006 2007 2008 notwithstanding In 2008, the EPS change magnitude by more or less Total Dividend 25 25 25 25 30 pay 50% from previous year. So the directors ? Dividend decided to increase the dividend percentage to 30% instead of 25%. The company paid 25tk per share as dividend from 2004-2007 but in 2008 as the income increase by some 50% than the previous year it paid a dividend of 30tk for the earnings of 2008. Total Dividend Paid ploughshare Price(MKT. ) 400 350 Share Price (MKT. ) 300 250 200 The dividend policy that followed by the company has an impact on its s hare price. cl As the graph shows the share price has 100 an increasing trend.As the company 50 declared 25% dividend per share from 0 2004-2005 this was more than its EPS so 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 the share price increased and reached to Share Price(MKT. ) 279 348 246 277 352 350tk. But in 2006- 2007 the dividend was lower than its EPS so the share price declined and again increased in 2008 with an increase in dividend. 7Page assumption Cement Limited (CCL) ? OVERVIEW OF THE COMPANIES combine Cement Limited is the first private sector cement manufacturing company in Bangladesh established in early 90s with having 4,80,000 M/T annual production capacity at Chittagong, 16 K.M away from Chittagong port, besides Dhaka Chittagong highway. CCL is the first ISO-9002 certify cement manufacturing in Bangladesh. It has a unique management system in quality Assurance, Marketing, Sales, and Procurements. It manufactures ordinary Portland cement. Our company aims to be the number one cemen t manufacturing company in Bangladesh, through continuous development and by producing high & consistent quality cement to meet all customers requirement at all time.To compass these objectives CCL uses modern machineries, calibrated testing equipments, computerized packing & raw materials mixing devices in its production process. Additionally the company frequently arranges internal & external training program for the staff of all level to develop the effectiveness and skill of its human resources. CCL is always keen to keep the customers satisfied by proving the outgo possible service. ? Basic Information Market Category A 500. 0 209. 0 100 2090000 Govt. 0 Institute 25. 37 Foreign 0 Public 49. 17 Sponsor/Director 25. 46Listing Year1995 Authorized Capital in BDT (mn) Outstanding Capital in BDT (mn) Face Value Total no. of Securities Share Percentage Graph 2 The Market price of share of MCML in 2008-2009 (Highest Value 627. 25, Lowest Value 268. 5) 8Page ? Dividend Policy Followe d By Confidence Cement Ltd honorarium per share -12. 65 10. 95 21. 65 27. 73 -14. 98 Diluted remuneration per share n/a n/a n/a n/a -13. 62 Net asset Value Per Share 319. 83 326. 28 332. 93 345. 66 330. 67 Diluted Net summation Value Per Share n/a n/a n/a n/a 300. 62 Net value After Tax (mn) -24. 04 20. 81 41. 13 52. 8 -28. 46 Year End P/E -9. 50 10. 78 6. 40 13. 30 n/a % Dividend % Dividend Payout Ratio 46% 69% 54% Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 5. 00 5. 00 15. 00 15. 00 10%B Interpretation From the above information it is visible that the company follows the regular dividend policy. That is the policy of the company is to pay a perticular dividend amount and if theres higher earning for perticular year and if earning per share increases they also increase their Dividend amount. In 2004, due to tough competition the company couyld not earn desiered profit. This year EPS is tk(12. 65).However considering the 16 interest of shareholders the board of 14 directors decleared 5% divi dend from 12 dividend equalization fund. In 2006 and 10 2007 , as the EPS increases than the 8 previous year so the board of director 6 decided to pay dividend of 15% per 4 share. But in 2008 the company 2 decleared a 10% bonous dividend which indicates the company has used 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 their earnings for farther investment so the company didnt give any cash % Dividend 5 5 15 15 dividend. Dividend From the graph it is easily indentifiable that the share price had strong relationship with dividend.In 2004 the company decleared a dividend of 5% per share when it had a EPS of (12. 65) the increased. In 2006-2007 for an increased dividend of 15% the share price also maxmized and again declined in 2008 due to 10% Bonous dividend decleared by the company. Share Price (MKT) 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Share Price (MKT) 2004 289 2005 250 2006 225 2007 368. 8 2008 318 9Page Capital Structure Capital social organisation refers to the way a corporation finances its assets throug h some combination of equity, debt, or hybrid securities.A firms capital structure is then the composition or structure of its liabilities. For example, a firm that sells $20 billion in equity and $80 billion in debt is said to be 20% equity-financed and 80% debt-financed. The firms ratio of debt to total financing, 80% in this example, is referred to as the firms leverage. In reality, capital structure may be highly complex and include tens of sources. Gearing Ratio is the proportion of the capital sedulous of the firm which come from outside of the business finance, e. g. by taking a long precondition bring etc.The Modigliani-Miller theorem, proposed by Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller, forms the basis for modern thinking on capital structure, though it is generally viewed as a purely theoretical result since it assumes away many important factors in the capital structure decision. The theorem states that, in a perfect market, how a firm is financed is irrelevant to its valu e. This result provides the base with which to examine real world reasons why capital structure is relevant, that is, a companys value is affected by the capital structure it employs.These other reasons include bankruptcy costs, agency costs, taxes, information asymmetry, to name some. This analysis can then be extended to look at whether there is in fact an optimal capital structure the one which maximizes the value of the firm. 10 P a g e Capital Structure Meghna Cement Mills LTD. Items Total Current Asset Fixed Asset Total Asset Current Liability ache term Debt Total Debt/ Total Liability Total beauteousness Share Outstanding Net Income net income Before interest and tax Retained Earnings liaison Charges/ Financial Expenses Market Price Per Share Debt to Total Assets dogged term Debt ratio = Debt to Equity = Year 2004 1,003,252,653 1,422,581,752 2,500,368,171 952,991,742 923,377,280 1,885,115,488 615,252,683 2,250,040 26,021,799 195,208,573 390,248,683 162,297, 008 279 Financial Information Year Year 2005 2006 979,316,891 1,427,560,032 2,406,876,923 970,701,416 812,529,812 1,783,231,228 623,645,695 2,250,040 34,311,762 176,319,775 398,641,695 67,785,759 348 2004 75. % 2005 74. 1% 1,189,929,096 1,397,087,008 2,587,016,104 1,197,987,718 718,168,213 1,916,155,931 670,860,173 2,250,040 75,106,875 201,332,892 445,856,173 118,067,797 246 2006 74. 1% Year 2007 1,064,749,181 1,378,737,392 2,443,486,573 1,128,318,964 787,868,674 1,916,187,638 527,298,935 2,250,040 105,096,707 236,610,206 88,286,676 120,127,996 277 2007 78. 4% Year 2008 1,588,397,601 1,307,816,629 2,896,214,230 1,443,833,003 833,152,269 2,277,035,172 619,228,958 2,250,040 148,181,023 278,378,580 57,399,542 99,849,906 352 2008 78. 6% Long limit Debt Solvency 6. 9% 33. 8% 27. 8% 32. 2% 28. 8% 3. 06 2. 86 2. 86 3. 63 3. 68 Times Interest realise = 1. 20 2. 60 1. 71 1. 97 2. 79 Interpretation According to the above information we can assure that the company has a higher debt in it s capital structure. As its Debt/Asset ratio shows from 2004-2008 it has been maintaining almost same amount of debt which is 75% of total assets in its capital structure. It indicates the company is a highly leveraged firm and more risky in terms of debt.According to Long term debt ratio the company retained a long term debt of around 33% from 2004 2008, which also indicates that the company had higher short term debt than its long term debt. Time interest earn ratio indicates that the company has enough liquid asset to payback its interest expenses. However Debt/Equity ratio shows the company had a capital structure containing higher debt than its equity. The total debt amount fluctuates throughout this given 5 years but it remains almost three times than its total equity. 11 P a g e Capital Structure Confidence Cement Mills LTD.Financial Information Items Year 2004 Year 2005 482627000 570818000 1053645000 429290000 4421000 52985936 433711722 619933000 1900000 20814000 176,319, 775 208362754 21573000 250 Year 2006 424937956 580334331 1005272287 362205475 10501799 61807398 372707274 661065000 1900000 41132000 201,332,892 220862754 17559894 225 Year 2007 535307861 564884690 1100192551 413902667 1040702 97073198 414943369 685249000 1900000 52684000 236,610,206 240862754 19968848 368. 8 Year 2008 564074297 590057449 1154131746 525841496 0 58606753 525841496 628290000 1900000 -28459000 278,378,580 221862754 26294826 318Total Current Asset Fixed Asset Total Asset Current Liability Long term Debt Account Payable/ Trade Creditors Total Debt/ Total Liability Total Equity Share Outstanding Net Income Earnings Before interest and tax Retained Earnings Interest Charges/ Financial Expenses Market Price Per Share 357315000 579526135 936841360 329088697 83293 39197784 329171990 607669370 1900000 -24039000 195,208,573 207412754 25264715 289 12 P a g e Long Term Debt Solvency Debt to Total Assets = 2004 35. 1% 2005 41. 2% 006 37. 1% 2007 37. 7% 2008 45. 6% Long term D ebt ratio = Debt to Equity = 0. 00% 0. 4% 1. 0% .01% 0. 00% 0. 05 0. 02 .02 .01 .01 Times Interest acquire = -1. 951485 -0. 035183 2. 54968 2. 9453453 -2. 0823 Interpretation According to the above information we can say that the company has a lower debt in its capital structure.As its Debt/Asset ratio shows from 2004-2008 it has been maintaining increasing amount of debt in its capital structure which was 35. 1% in 2004 & reached to45. 5% in 2008. It indicates the company is a moderately levered firm and risky in terms of debt. According to Long term debt ratio the company maintained nonexistence long term debt only 2% in 2006, which also indicates that the company had higher short term debt than its long term debt. Time interest earn ratio indicates that the company has did not had enough earning to payback of its interest other than the year of 2006 &2007.However Debt/Equity ratio shows the company had a capital structure containing lower debt than its equity. The to tal debt amount remained almost ever stick outing throughout this given 5 years which is very negligible than its total equity. 13 P a g e Comparative Analysis 14 P a g e Divedend Policy Comparative Financial Data Analysis The financial data we gathered to find out the relationship between various variables with price of two different cement companies arc given. We attempted to explore some conclusion on the behavioral pattern of changing the share market price due to dividend, dividend policies followed.The data are extracted from annual reports of two selected companies that are The Meghna Cement Mills Limited (MCML) and Confidence Cement Limited . The annual data of these companies has been taken from the annual reports and other annual publications of Dhaka Stock Exchange. Confidence Cement Ltd Net Net Year % Asset Profit End Dividend Value After P/E Per Tax Share (mn) Meghna Cement Ltd Net Year % Profit End Dividend After P/E Tax (mn) assiduity medium Net Year % Profit End Dividend After P/E Tax (mn) Year Earning per share % Dividend Payout Ratio Earning per share Net Asset Value Per Share Dividend Payout Ratio Earning per share Net Asset Value Per Share % Dividend Payout Ratio 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 -12. 65 10. 95 21. 65 27. 73 -14. 98 319. 83 326. 28 332. 93 345. 66 330. 67 24. 04 20. 81 41. 13 52. 68 28. 46 -9. 5 10. 78 6. 4 13. 3 n/a 10%B 5 5 15 15 46% 69% 54% 11. 57 15. 25 33. 38 46. 71 65. 86 273. 44 26. 02 277. 17 34. 31 298. 15 320. 42 275. 20 75. 11 105. 10 148. 18 24. 21 25. 00 20. 61 25. 00 216% -0. 54 164 13. 1 75 27. 515 54 37. 22 46 25. 44 301. 72 315. 55 333. 04 302. 93 27. 56 58. 12 78. 89 59. 86 15. 69 7. 02 9. 61 5. 35 15 20 20 30 105 72 54 46 296. 63 0. 99 7. 5 15 216 7. 64 5. 92 5. 35 25. 00 25. 00 30. 00 15 P a g e Interpretation Earnings Per Share The industry total of EPS is tk. (. 54), 13. 1, 27. 51, 37. 22, and 25. 44 for the year 2004, 2005,2006,2007,2008 consecutively. In 2004 EPS of Meghna Cement Ltd was 11. 57 & after that EPS has increased and reached up to 65. 86 in 2008, So that, the graph shows that the EPS of Meghna Cement is well above of the industry bonny EPS. In 2004 EPS of Confidence Cement Ltd was (12. 65) & after that EPS has increased and reached up to 27. 63 in 2007. After that EPS has reduced again and reached to (14. 8)So that, the graph shows that the EPS of Confidence Cement is well infra of the industry add up EPS. Comperative EPS 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Confidence -12. 65 10. 95 21. 65 27. 73 -14. 98 Cement Ltd Meghna 11. 57 15. 25 33. 38 46. 71 65. 86 Cement Ltd diligence Average -0. 54 13. 1 27. 515 37. 22 25. 44 So, according to our Comparative EPS analysis, we can easily say that Meghna Cement Ltd. is in the best(p) position where Confidence Cement Ltd is the whisk position. Price Earnings Ratio The industry norm of P/E ratio is tk. 7. 5, 15. 69, 7. 02, 9. 61, and 5. 5 for the year 2004, 2005,2006,2007,2008 consecutively. In 2004 P/E ratio of Meghna Cement Ltd was 24. 21 & after that P/E has decreased gradually and reached to 5. 35 in 2008, so according to Industry average, the graph shows that the P/E ratio of Meghna Cement is well above up to 2006 of the industry average P/E, then in 2007 its ratio falls below the industry average and in 2008 equal to industry average due nonexistence of P/E ratio of Confidence Cement in 2008. Comparative P/E Ratio 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 Confidence Cement Ltd 2004 -9. 5 2005 10. 78 2006 6. 4 7. 64 2007 13. 5. 92 2008 Meghna 24. 21 20. 61 Cement Ltd 5. 35 In 2004 P/E ratio of Confidence Cement Ltd was Industry 7. 35 15. 69 7. 02 9. 61 5. 35 Average (9. 5), after that EPS has increased to 10. 78 in 2005, then again decrease in 2006 and in 2007 it has increased to 13. 3. In 2008 there is no existence of P/E due to no cash dividend declared by the company. So, according to Industry average, the graph shows that the P/E ratio of Confidence Cement is well below up to 2006 of the industry average P/E, then in 2007 its ratio rise above the industry average and in 2008 no P/E as discussed earlier.So, according to our Comparative P/E ratio analysis, we can easily say that Meghna Cement Ltd. is in the best position where Confidence Cement Ltd is the worst position. 16 P a g e Comparative Dividend Dividend Per Share The industry average of DPS is tk. 15, 15, 20, 20, and 30 for the year 2004, 2005,2006,2007,2008 consecutively. From 2004 to 2007 DPS of Meghna Cement Ltd was 25 & after that DPS has increased to 30 in 2008 due to extra earning as discussed before. So according to Industry average, the graph shows that the DPS of Meghna Cement is well above up to 2007 of the industry average DPS.In 2008 DPS is equal to industry average due nonexistence of Dividend of Confidence Cement in 2008. 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Confidence Cement Ltd Meghna Cement Ltd Industry Average 2004 5 25 15 2005 5 25 15 2006 15 25 20 2007 15 25 20 2008 30 30 From 2004 to 2005 DPS of Co nfidence Cement Ltd was 5 & from 2006-2007 DPS has increased to 15 in 2008 due to extra earning as discussed before. So according to Industry average, the graph shows that the DPS of Confidence Cement is well below up to 2007 of the industry average DPS.In 2008 there in no DPS of Confidence Ltd. due nonexistence of Dividend. So, according to our Comparative DPS analysis, we can easily say that Meghna Cement Ltd. is in the best position where Confidence Cement Ltd is the worst position. Dividend Payout Ratio The industry average of Payout ratio is 216, 105, 72, 54, and 46 for the year 2004, 2005,2006,2007,2008 consecutively. In 2004 Payout ratio of Meghna Cement Ltd was 216 which is equal to the industry average payout ratio because of non existence of payout ratio of Confidence Cement Ltd. in 2004.After that payout ratio has decreased gradually and reached to 46 in 2008, so according to Industry average, the graph shows that the payout ratio of Meghna Cement is equal to the industry average payout ratio in 2004, then its ratio rise above the industry average up to 2006 and in the last two years equal to industry average. Compative Payout Ratio Compative Payout Ratio 250 250 200 200 150 150 100 100 50 50 00 Confidence Confidence Cement Ltd Cement Ltd Meghna Meghna 216 216% Cement Ltd Cement Ltd Industry Industry 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 46 46 164 164 69 69 75 75 54 54 54 54 46 46 46 46 16 216 105 105 72 72 54 54 Average Average In 2004 there was no Payout ratio of Confidence Cement Ltd as mentioned earlier. After that payout ratio has increased in 2006 and then again decreased in 2007. In 2008 there is no payout ratio because there is no cash dividend. So according to Industry average, the graph shows that the payout ratio of Confidence Cement is well below compare to the industry average payout ratio in 2005 & 2006, and then its ratio is equal to the industry average in 2007. In 2008 there is no payout ratio as discussed before.So, acc ording to our Comparative DPS analysis, we can easily say that Meghna Cement Ltd. is in the best position where Confidence Cement Ltd is the worst position. 17 P a g e Capital Structure Interpretation Debt/Asset Ratio The industry average of Debt/Asset Ratio for the year 2008 is 62. 1%. Debt/Asset Ratio of Meghna Cement Ltd is 78. 6% and Confidence Cement Ltd. is 45. 6%. So, according to industry average Confidence Cement is in the best position while Meghna Cement Ltd is in the worst position. Long Term Debt Ratio The industry average of Long Term Debt Ratio for the year 2008 is 14. %. Long Term Debt Ratio of Meghna Cement Ltd is 28. 8%, and Confidence Cement Ltd. Is 0%. So, according to industry average Confidence Cement is in the best position and Meghna Cement Ltd is in the worst position. Debt Management Ratio 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 Debt to Total Assets Confidence Cement Mills LTD 2008 Industry Average 0. 456 Long term Debt ratio 0 0. 288 0. 144 Debt to Equity 0. 01 3. 68 1. 845 T imes Interest Earned -2. 0823 2. 79 0. 35385 Meghna Cement Mills LTD 0. 786 0. 621 Debt to Equity Ratio The industry average of Debt/equity Ratio for the year 2008 is 184. 5%.Debt/equity Ratio of Meghna Cement Ltd is 368%, and Confidence Cement Ltd. is 1%. So, according to industry average Confidence Cement is in the best position Meghna Cement Ltd is in the worst position. Time Interest Earned The industry average of Time Interest Earned for the year 2008 is 0. 5385. Time interest get for Meghna Cement Ltd is 2. 79 Confidence Cement Ltd. is -2. 0823. So, according to industry average Meghna Cement is in the best position and Confidence Cement Ltd is in the worst position. return on Assets The industry average of Return on Assets for the year 2008 is 2%.Return on Assets of Meghna Cement Ltd is 5. 1%, and Confidence Cement Ltd. Is (2. 5%). So, according to industry average Meghna Cement is in the best position Confidence Cement Ltd is in the worst position. Return on Equity The ind ustry average of Return on equity for the year 2008 is 0. 26%. Return on Equity of Meghna Cement Ltd and Confidence Cement Ltd. Is (4. 5%). So, according to industry average Meghna Cement is in the best position Confidence Cement Ltd is in the worst position. positiveness Ratio 30. 00% 25. 00% 20. 00% 15. 00% 10. 00% 5. 0% 0. 00% -5. 00% -10. 00% Meghna Cement Confidence Cement industry Average Return on Asset 5. 10% -2. 50% 2% Return on Equity 23. 90% -4. 50% 26% 18 P a g e References ? Intermediate Accounting ( 11th Edition),Donald E. Kieso ? The Analysis and Use of Financial Statements(3rd Edition),Gerald I. White ? Scott Besely & Eugene F. Brigham, Essentials of Managerial Finance, Thirteenth Edition, ? ? ? ? Thomson South-Western, Ohio, 2006 www. bashundharagroup. com/mcml/ www. confidencegroupbd. com/cement/ www. dsebd. org www. wikipedia. com 19 P a g e